Saturday, April 19, 2025

Purusha Suktam

 


The Purusha Suktam is one of the most revered hymns from the Vedas, extolling the Supreme Being. This hymn offers a magnificent portrayal of the Vedic vision of the cosmos's creation.


The Purusha Suktam offers a symbolic explanation of creation through the analogy of a Yajna (cosmic sacrifice), illustrating the spiritual web and unity of the universe. It details the attributes of Purusha, the Cosmic Being, in both His immanent and transcendent forms. 


The Purusha Suktam describes the manifestation of the primordial being Purusha in creating the Universe. It states that from Purusha’s sacrificed body, all of creation emerged, including the four varnas or social classes. The Gods are said to have used Purusha as the sacrificial offering in a sacred ritual (Yagna), upon which the worlds, beings, Vedas and other elements of existence came into being. The hymn portrays Purusha as simultaneously transcending and pervading all of manifested existence. 


It is an ancient hymn from the Veda, dedicated to the cosmic being, the deity of cosmic protection. It is often recited in various rituals to invoke the Universal energy and to understand the interconnectedness of existence. 


Location:

Purusha sUktam is found in the ancient Rik Vedam (10.90) with sixteen mantras. In Sukla Yajur Veda - Vaajasaneya samhitai (31.1.16). In KrshNa Yajur Vedam’s taittirIya ArANyakam we come across it in 3.12‐13. In sAma Vedam, it is at 4.3 and in the Atharva Vedam we find it at 19.6.3. 


The Structure


  • Purusha Suktam has 24 stanzas - implying the 24 hours (in a day) as ruled by the Purusha.

  • It is composed in Anustup Chandas. ‘Anu’ means echo and ‘stup’ means to praise. Purusha Suktam in this meter should echo the splendor of the Purusha. 


Purusha may also be split as  ‘Pura + Usha’ - Of the body + Dawn-light 

And

Purusha - ‘Puru + sha’ - filled with wisdom and happiness


Purusha is the transcendental self or pure consciousness. It is absolute, independent and free. 


The Purusha Suktam sadhana (practice) is a spiritual practice where the chanters focus their energies on invoking the blessings of the Supreme God. This practice involves chanting, visualization, and concentration, all aimed at aligning oneself with the divine qualities of prosperity, generosity and compassion. 


Chanting the Purusha Suktam at 40 Hz frequency, in rhythmic patterns (with intonations) can influence brainwave frequencies, promoting a shift from higher beta waves to alpha and theta waves (associated with relaxation and meditation). The controlled breathing involved in chanting enhances oxygenation in the body and helps release stress hormones like cortisol, inducing a state of mental and emotional ease. 


Benefits of chanting Purusha Suktam


  1. Spiritual benefits

    1. Connection to the Divine - Glorifies the Universal cosmic form of Purusha, helping the chanters feel connected to the divine energy permeating the Universe. 

    2. Moksha (Liberation) - It is believed that chanting this hymn will aid in spiritual evolution, purify karma and pave way for liberation.

    3. Balancing energy - It aligns individual consciousness with the cosmic consciousness, promoting harmony.

  2. Emotional benefits

    1. Inner peace - Regular recitation helps calm the mind and reduce stress and anxiety.

    2. Focus and clarity - Structured rhythm and profound meanings enhance concentration and mental clarity.

    3. Emotional stability - Chanting this Suktam  brings a sense of surrender and acceptance, fostering emotional resilience. 

  3. Material benefits

    1. Abundance and prosperity - This Suktam is often recited for blessings of wealth, health and overall well-being.

    2. Success - It removes obstacles and provides clarity for making right decisions, leading to success in all endeavors

  4. Healing and protective benefits

    1. Purification - Chanting this Suktam is said to cleanse the mind and the environment, creating a positive aura and sacred atmosphere. 

    2. Health benefits - The vibrations generated have a soothing effect on the body and are believed to enhance vitality. 

    3. Protection - It invokes divine protection and shields the devotee from negative energies. 

  5. Cosmic Understanding 

    1. Oneness - It emphasizes the interconnectedness of all existence, cultivating a sense of unity and compassion. 

    2. Universal truths - Provides insights into the nature of creation, sustenance and dissolution. 



Modern Science and Purusha Suktam 


This Suktam can be analyzed through the lens of modern scientific concepts in Physics and Cosmology. The hymn’s cosmological and metaphysical ideas resonate with contemporary scientific theories about the Universe, its Origin, and its fundamental interconnectedness. 


  1. Unified field Theory

    1. Description in Suktam: The hymn describes Purusha as a Single, all-encompassing consciousness or entity from which everything in the Universe emerges. It pervades all creation and transcends it, symbolizing Unity in diversity. 

    2. Scientific Parallels: Unified Field theory, a framework that combines all fundamental forces (Gravitational, electromagnetic, strong and weak nuclear forces) into one underlying principle. Just as the Purusha is the singular source of all manifestations, the Unified field represents the fundamental fabric of the cosmos, giving rise to all phenomena. 

  2. Cosmic origin and the Big Bang

    1. Description in Suktam: Creation of the Universe is depicted as the result of a cosmic sacrifice, where the Purusha’s body is disassembled to form the heavens, stars, earth and living beings. 

    2. Scientific Parallels: This mirrors the Big Bang Theory, where the Universe originated from a singularity - a highly dense, infinitely small point - and expanded to create space, time and matter. 

  3. Quantum Entanglement and interconnectedness

    1. Description in Suktam: The hymn emphasizes that all beings, natural elements and the cosmos itself are interconnected as parts of the Purusha. 

    2. Scientific Parallels: Quantum entanglement, where particles remain interconnected irrespective of distance, reflects this idea. Additionally, concepts in quantum mechanics propose that the Universe functions as a singular, indivisible whole, akin to Purusha's omnipresence. 

  4. Multidimensional Reality

    1. Description in Suktam: The Purusha is described as having ‘thousand heads, a thousand eyes, and a thousand feet’, existing beyond the perceptible universe and transcending physical dimensions.  

    2. Scientific Parallels: String theory and M-theory of modern Physics postulate that the Universe exists in multiple dimensions beyond the four-dimensional spacetime we perceive. 

  5. Cosmic cycles

    1. Description in Suktam: The Sacrifice and regeneration of the Purusha hint at a cyclical process of creation, destruction and re-creation, resonating with the idea of cosmic order. 

    2. Scientific Parallels: Cosmology explores cyclic Universe theories such as the Big Bang Theory, followed by a big Crunch or a Big Bounce, where the Universe undergoes perpetual cycles of creation and collapse.  

  6. Spacetime and Purusha 

    1. Spacetime as a Unified field: In General Relativity, Spacetime is a flexible, dynamic entity that responds to the presence of mass and energy. Similarly, the Purusha Suktam envisions a unified consciousness that governs all existence, a cosmic force that is ever-present, even beyond the observable Universe. The bending of spacetime around black holes can be seen as a physical analogy to the presence of the Purusha, which transcends and influences all aspects of reality, from the material world to the metaphysical. 

    2. The complex nature of Photon rings, dependent on the observer’s inclination and spacetime curvature, mirrors Purusha Suktam’s depiction of the cosmic being that appears differently depending on one’s spiritual perspective and understanding. 

  7. Energy, Matter and Consciousness Interplay

    1. Description: The Purusha transforms into all material and immaterial elements of the Universe. 

    2. Scientific Parallels: Einstein’s equations illustrate how energy and matter are interchangeable, reinforcing the idea of a unified source for all diversity.

    3. Consciousness as observer: Just as an observer can collapse quantum states (Chalmers), consciousness, according to the Purusha Suktam, shapes the very fabric of reality. 


Significance of the Purusha Suktam

The Purusha Suktam demonstrates

  1. Timeless Universality: The Vedic seers intuited concepts that resonate with cutting-edge science

  2. Integration of Science and Spirituality: The hymn emphasizes the interconnectedness of existence, encouraging a holistic view that unites physical phenomena with consciousness. 

  3. Inspiration for exploration: Its poetic description of cosmic origins inspires philosophical and scientific exploration of the Universe’s mysteries. 

The Purusha Suktam is a profound cosmological text that reflects humanity’s perennial quest to understand the Universe. Its parallels with modern scientific ideas underscore its timeless relevance, offering a synthesis of metaphysical and scientific thought. 



S.No

Chant

Word by word meaning

Meaning 

1

ओ-न्तच्छं॒-योँरावृ॑णीमहे । गा॒तुं-यँ॒ज्ञाय॑ । गा॒तुं-यँ॒ज्ञप॑तये । दैवी᳚ स्व॒स्तिर॑स्तु नः । स्व॒स्तिर्मानु॑षेभ्यः । ऊ॒र्ध्व-ञ्जि॑गातु भेष॒जम् । श-न्नो॑ अस्तु द्वि॒पदे᳚ । श-ञ्चतु॑ष्पदे ।

ॐ शान्ति॒-श्शान्ति॒-श्शान्तिः॑ ॥

Aum - Pranavam 

Tat - that which 

Chamyo - gives us peace from sorrows, in the present and future.

AavrNeemahe - we seek

Gaatum - growth

Yagnyaaya - For the yagnam (rite of sacrifice)

Gaatum - growth for 

Yagnyapataye - the yajamana (the patron of the yagnam).

Daivee - Gods 

Svasti - Grace (contextual)

Astu - be

NaH - unto us

Svasti - well being

MaanushebhyaH - to all the mankind

Oordhvam - upwards

Jigaatu - flourish and grow

Bheshajam - May plants (like medicinal plants)

Sham - Good

NaH - unto us 

Astu - come (contextual)

Dvipade - creatures that go on two feet 

Sham - (and) good 

Chatushpade - creatures that go on four feet.

ShantiH - Peace

We worship and pray to the Supreme God for the welfare of all beings. 

May all the sorrows, miseries leave us forever (present and future) and may He give us peace. We seek growth (His Grace and blessings) for the Yagna and for the Karta (Yajamana). May His divine grace be unto us and to the entire mankind. May all the medicinal herbs grow in potency (so that all diseases can be cured). May all the two legged creatures be happy. May all the four legged creatures also be happy. May there be peace in the hearts of all the beings.  

2

स॒हस्र॑शीर्​षा॒ पुरु॑षः । स॒ह॒स्रा॒क्ष-स्स॒हस्र॑पात् ।

स भूमिं॑-विँ॒श्वतो॑ वृ॒त्वा । अत्य॑तिष्ठद्दशाङ्गु॒लम् ॥

Sahasra - thousands

Siirsha - of heads

PurushaH - the Great being

Sahasra - thousands

Aksha - (of) eyes

Sahasra - thousands

Paat - (of) feet.

Sa - He

Bhuumim - the world

Vishvato - all sides

Vrrtvaa - manifests (envelops)

Atyatishttat - (He) stands beyond

Dassangulam - ten angulams (inches)

The Purusha (The Great Supreme Being) has a thousand heads, thousand eyes and thousand feet. He has enveloped this world from all the sides and (even) transcended it by ten angulams or inches. 


Here thousand is representing large numbers, meaning uncountable. It interprets as this Purusha is manifesting Himself in all the lives in this world. He is transcendent, and beyond such limited understanding. 

3

पुरु॑ष ए॒वेदग्ं सर्वम्᳚ । यद्भू॒तं-यँच्च॒ भव्यम्᳚ ।

उ॒तामृ॑त॒त्व स्येशा॑नः । यदन्ने॑नाति॒रोह॑ति ॥

Purusha - The Great Supreme being 

Eva - verily (alone) 

Idam sarvam - is all of this 

Yad bhuutam - that which was (past)

Yac ca bhavyam - and (ca) that which is to be (future)

Uta - moreover

Amrrtatvasya - of immortality too 

IshaanaH - is He alone Lord

Yad - that (which)

Annenna - as food 

Atirohati - shows itself, is also Purusha

All of this is verily the Purusha. That which existed in the past and which will come in the future, is also Purusha. 

Also, He is the Lord of Immortality. That which grows (body of beings) profusely by food is also the Purusha. (That which manifests itself in this annamaya prapanjam is also the same as Purusha). 

4

ए॒तावा॑नस्य महि॒मा । अतो॒ ज्यायाग्॑श्च॒ पूरु॑षः ।

पादो᳚-ऽस्य॒ विश्वा॑ भू॒तानि॑ । त्रि॒पाद॑स्या॒मृत॑-न्दि॒वि ॥

Etaavaan - All that is seen here

Asya - is His

Mahima - Greatness

AtaH - and then, beyond all this 

Jyyaagan - Great 

Ca - and

PurushaH - is that Purusha (Supreme being)

PaadaH - is but one part

Asya - of Him

Vishvaa Bhuutaani - all that was created in this world

Tripaad - three parts 

Asya - of Him

Amrrtam - eternal

Divi - in heaven

All that is seen here in this world is His Greatness. Only one part of Him (the Purusha) has become these (visible) worlds and His three parts rest in the immortal world of the transcendence.  


It can be understood as, one part is the nama, roopa, Prapanjam and three parts are sat, chit, and anandam. Sat can be comprehended by all. Chit is grasped by the viveki alone, while Anandam is experienced by the Yogi who is fully awake and has Purna bodham (knowledge / Perception)

5

त्रि॒पादू॒र्ध्व उदै॒त्पुरु॑षः । पादो᳚-ऽस्ये॒हा-ऽऽभ॑वा॒त्पुनः॑ ।

ततो॒ विष्व॒ङ्​व्य॑क्रामत् । सा॒श॒ना॒न॒श॒ने अ॒भि ॥

Tripaad - three parts 

Urdhva - (above) all the creation

Udait - rise above

PurushaH - of the Purusha (Great Supreme being)

PadaH - One part (alone)

Asya - of His (PurushaH)

Iha - is here 

Abhavat - manifested

punaH - again and again

Tata - from that part did

Vishvan - all of these (beings) in the world

VyakramatH - come forth / pervades

Saasana - beings that eat

Anassane - that does not eat

Abhi - everywhere (in the Vishvan)

The three parts of the Purusha is high above all the creations (in transcendental realm) and his one part becomes the creation again and again. He pervades in this Universe comprising of a variety of living (food eating beings which are alive and are able to feel) and the non-living beings.  

6

तस्मा᳚द्वि॒राड॑जायत । वि॒राजो॒ अधि॒ पूरु॑षः ।

स जा॒तो अत्य॑रिच्यत । प॒श्चाद्भूमि॒मथो॑ पु॒रः ॥

Tasmat - from the Great Purusha

Virat - Shining Universe (Virat Purusha - Immense Universal form)

Ajaayata - come forth

Virajo - From that Virat

Adhi PurushaH - Lord Brahma (the first, who is the creator, came forth)

Sa - He 

JaataH - was born

Ati aricyata - and grew very large, extending 

Pascaat - in front 

Bhumi - of the earth

ataH - and then

PuraH - behind

From Purusha came forth the Uniquely resplendent Brahmandam or the cosmic egg. From the Brahmandam (the Cosmic Egg), Brahma, the Supreme among all the beings, arose. After being born, Brahma subsequently created the earth and various worlds. 


The creative aspect of Brahma, came forth and grew to include everything in Himself. This is why the Universe is called ‘Brahmanda’, or the Egg/sphere of Brahma.

7

यत्पुरु॑षेण ह॒विषा᳚ । दे॒वा य॒ज्ञमत॑न्वत ।

व॒स॒न्तो अ॑स्यासी॒दाज्यम्᳚ । ग्री॒ष्म इ॒ध्मश्श॒रध्ध॒विः ॥

Yat - that

Purushena - with the Purusha Himself as

Havishaa - sacrificial Havis, the fire offering 

Devaa - the Gods

Yagnam - sacrificial rite

Atanvata - performed

Vasanta - the Spring

Asiit - became

Aajyam - its ghee

Griishma - Summer (became its)

Idhma - samit (fire wood)

Sarad - Autumn (became)

HaviH - its burning offering

With the Purusha Himself as the sacrificial fire, the Devas performed the Yagna. Spring became the Ghee (of the Yagna), Summer became its Samit (Fire wood), and Autumn became the Havis (sacrificial offering of that Yagna). 


The shrishti yagna was Purusha’s alone. He was the Havirbhokta, he who enjoys/eats the Havis (burnt offerings to the fire). His senses were the devas, who were the priests of this sacrifice. He sacrificed Himself (PurusheNa Havisha) as the offering into the creative fires of His heart. A sacrifice of His self to Himself. 

8

स॒प्तास्या॑सन्परि॒धयः॑ । त्रि-स्स॒प्त स॒मिधः॑ कृ॒ताः ।

दे॒वा यद्य॒ज्ञ-न्त॑न्वा॒नाः । अब॑ध्न॒न्-पुरु॑ष-म्प॒शुम् ॥

Sapta - seven were

Asya - for this sacrifice

Aasan - had

ParidayaH - the sheathing logs, or the fences.

Tri:sapta - three times seven

samidaH - the samit wood pieces

Krtaa - were made 

devaaH - the Gods

Yad yagnam - for the sacrifice for which 

tanvaanaaH - as performers of this sacrifice

Abadhnan - bound (they tied)

Purusham - the Purusha Passhum - as the sacrificial animal

For this Yagna, there were seven Paridhis (Fences) and twenty one (3 * 7) items were made the samit. When the Devas were performing this yagna or ceremony, they tied Purusha Himself as the sacrificial animal (Pashu).

9

तं-यँ॒ज्ञ-म्ब॒र्॒हिषि॒ प्रौक्षन्॑ । पुरु॑ष-ञ्जा॒तम॑ग्र॒तः ।

तेन॑ दे॒वा अय॑जन्त । सा॒ध्या ऋष॑यश्च॒ ये ॥

Tam - That 

Yagnam - of the sacrifice

Barhishi - On the sacrificial bed of straw (on the sacrificial grass)

Prokshan - sprinkled Him with the holy water

Purusham - (that) Purusha

Jaatam - who was

agrataH - in the beginning 

Tena - by this means

Devaa - Gods

Ayajanta - sacrifice

Saadhyaa - those achievers or those doing saadhana

Rsayas - seers

Ca - and

Ye - who were

The devas, the saadhyas and the rishis performed the sacrifice by using Purusha as the means of yajna. The Purusha who had been born in the beginning, has to be sanctified by sprinkling him with water by the barhis (or sacrificial grass).

10

तस्मा᳚द्य॒ज्ञाथ्स॑र्व॒हुतः॑ । सम्भृ॑त-म्पृषदा॒ज्यम् ।

प॒शूग्-स्ताग्-श्च॑क्रे वाय॒व्यान्॑ । आ॒र॒ण्यान्-ग्रा॒म्याश्च॒ ये ॥

Tasmat - From that

Yagnaat - rites (sacrifice)

SarvahutaH - in which everything was offered

Sambhrtam - arose 

Prishad-aajyam - Prishad + Aajyam - deer + Goats (plural) - wild animals and tame animals (Arose) - OR - Parishad + Aajyam - Ghee + Yoghurt.  

Pashuun - beasts 

Taan cakre - from this were created

Vaayavyaan - denizens of the air

Aaranyaan - denizens of the wood

Graamyaa - denizens of the village 

Ca - and

Ye - they

From the complete offering of His Yagna, was obtained Ghee mixed with Yoghurt. From this were created Birds, Wild animals and Domestic animals.


Prishadaajyam - Prishad + Aajyam - 

This can be interpreted in 2 different ways.

  1. Prishad - yoghurt ;  Aajyam - Thuppa ; Thuppa  stands for Jiiva (Sentient souls), Yoghurt stands for Jada (Insentient souls). 

  2. Parishad - deer ; Aajam - collection of Goats (Aja-s). Together it refers to wild animals and domestic animals. 

11

तस्मा᳚द्य॒ज्ञाथ्स॑र्व॒हुतः॑ । ऋच॒-स्सामा॑नि जज्ञिरे ।

छन्दाग्ं॑सि जज्ञिरे॒ तस्मा᳚त् । यजु॒स्तस्मा॑दजायत ॥

Tasmaat - from that 

Yagnaat - sacrificial rite

sarvahutaH - whatever is offered (sacrificed)

Richa - Rig veda mantras

Samaani - Sama veda mantras

Jagnyire - were got 

Chandagmsi - (From that sacrifice) did the meters too 

Jagnyire - came forth

Yajus - Yajur Veda Mantra

Tasmat - (from that sacrificial fire) were 

Ajayatha - born 

From that sacrificial rite where all are given (Sacrificed), the recited hymns (Rig veda) and the sung hymns (Sama Veda) came forth. The poetic meter (Chandas) and the ritual hymns (Yajur Veda) arose from that.

12

तस्मा॒दश्वा॑ अजायन्त । ये के चो॑भ॒याद॑तः ।

गावो॑ ह जज्ञिरे॒ तस्मा᳚त् । तस्मा᳚ज्जा॒ता अ॑जा॒वयः॑ ॥

Tasmaad - from that 

Asvaa - Horses

Ajaayanta - were born 

Eke ca - (beings with) one with

ubhayadataH - two rows of teeth 

Gava - cattle / cows

Ha - indeed

Jagnire - were made 

Tasmaat - from that.

Tasmaat - From that 

Jata - were born 

AjaH - goats (and)

AvayaH - sheeps

From that were born horses. Animals (One) with two rows of teeth were born. Cattle / Cows were born from that. Goats and Sheeps were also born from that. 

13

यत्पुरु॑षं॒-व्यँ॑दधुः । क॒ति॒था व्य॑कल्पयन्न् ।

मुख॒-ङ्किम॑स्य॒ कौ बा॒हू । कावू॒रू पादा॑वुच्येते ॥

Yat - The

Purusham - Purusha

VyadadhuH - that they divided

Katithaa - into what forms? how?

Vyakalpayan - did they shape him?

Mukham - mouth

Kim - what 

Asya - his 

Kau Bahoo - His Arms ?

Kau uuruu - His thighs ?

(kau) Paada - His feet ?

(kau) ucyete - now called?

This verse has a series of questions as to what did the Purusha hold within him? How many parts were assigned in His huge form? What was His mouth? What were His arms? What were His thighs? What were His feet?

It is important to understand at this point that though different ‘body parts’ are mentioned, they are not finite (Sukta says Sahasrasirsha). There is no internal difference here.  

14

ब्रा॒ह्म॒णो᳚-ऽस्य॒ मुख॑मासीत् । बा॒हू रा॑ज॒न्यः॑ कृ॒तः ।

ऊ॒रू तद॑स्य॒ यद्वैश्यः॑ । प॒द्भ्याग्ं शू॒द्रो अ॑जायतः ॥

brahmanaH - the Brahmin 

Asya - His 

Mukham - mouth 

Asset - became

Boohoo - his arms

rajanyaH - kings 

Krta - were made

Ooru - thighs 

Tad - they were made into 

Asya - His 

Yad - what were

Vaishya - the merchants 

PadhbhyAm - from his feet

Shoodro - Were the servants 

Ajaayata - born 

From His mouth came forth the men of learning 

And of His arms were warriors made

From His thighs came the trading people 

And His feet gave birth to servants.

15

च॒न्द्रमा॒ मन॑सो जा॒तः । चक्षो॒-स्सूर्यो॑ अजायत ।

मुखा॒दिन्द्र॑श्चा॒ग्निश्च॑ । प्रा॒णाद्वा॒युर॑जायत ॥

Candramaa - Moon (was)

ManasaH - From His Mind 

JaataH - born

Caksho - from His eyes

SooryaH - the Sun (was)

Ajaayata - born

Mukhaad - from His mouth

Indra -  Indra

Ca - and 

Agni - Agni (fire)

Ca - and 

Pranaat - from His breath

VaayuH - The wind 

ajaayataH - was born

From His mind, the Moon was born 

From His eyes (gaze), the Sun was born

From His mouth, Indra and Fire were born 

And 

From His life’s breath, the wind was born. 

16

नाभ्या॑ आसीद॒न्तरि॑क्षम् । शी॒र्​ष्णो द्यौ-स्सम॑वर्तत ।

प॒द्भ्या-म्भूमि॒र्दिश॒-श्श्रोत्रा᳚त् । तथा॑ लो॒काग्ं अ॑कल्पयन्न् ॥

Naabhyaa - from His navel

Aseed - did appear

Antariksham - space

SheersshnnaH - from His head 

dhyauH - the sky

Samavaratat - Sam + Avartat - well established

Padhbhyaam - from His feet

Bhoomi - the earth

dishaH - the directions

Shrotraat - From His ears

Tathaa - This did they

Lokaan - the worlds

Akalpayan - by His mere intent or sankalpa, cause

From His navel, space unfolds.

From his Head, the sky is well formed. 

From His feet, the earth is formed.

From His ears, the directions formed. 

From by His mere sankalpa, all the world were formed. 


17

वेदा॒हमे॒त-म्पुरु॑ष-म्म॒हान्तम्᳚ । आ॒दि॒त्यव॑र्ण॒-न्तम॑स॒स्तु पा॒रे ।

सर्वा॑णि रू॒पाणि॑ वि॒चित्य॒ धीरः॑ । नामा॑नि कृ॒त्वा-ऽभि॒वद॒न्॒, यदा-ऽऽस्ते᳚ ॥

VedaH - know Him

Aham - I

Etam - that 

Purusham - Purusha 

Manaantam - glorious

Aadityavarnam - Aditya + Varnam - Sun - Brilliant 

Etam - that 

Astu - who is

Paare - beyond

Sarvaani - all

Roopaani - forms

Vicitya - materialized

dheeraH - valorous Purusha

Naamaani - names

krtyaH - made

Abhivadan - and maintains all of these

Yat - that 

Aste - who is , who has

I know Him. I salute the radiant and gigantic Purushan beyond all the gunams and who has the hue of the Sun. 


Creating all the Forms, and providing them all the names, enters into them and commands them from within. I know that heroic Purushan performing all the above. That glorious Purushan shining like the Sun and who is beyond the Tamo Gunam, I know Him. 

18

धा॒ता पु॒रस्ता॒द्यमु॑दाज॒हार॑ । श॒क्रः प्रवि॒द्वा-न्प्र॒दिश॒श्चत॑स्रः ।

तमे॒वं-विँ॒द्वान॒मृत॑ इ॒ह भ॑वति । नान्यः पन्था॒ अय॑नाय विद्यते ॥

Dhaata - Brahma

Purastaat - in the beginning 

Yam - whom

udaajahaaraH - saw as the Supreme being and revealed 

shakraH - Indra 

Pravidvaan - knew well

Pradishas - in the four quarters 

Ca - and 

Tasra - everywhere 

Tam - Him

Evam - in this manner

Vidvaan - who knows

amrtaH - Immortal

Iha - in this very birth

Bhavati - becomes 

Anya - other 

PanthaaH - paths 

Ayanaaya - To moksha or liberation

Na + vidhyate - I do not know of 

This is only through Gyana and Bhakti does one achieve moksha or liberation, and not any other way. The grace of Purusha is essential as He is the one who gives Moksha. 


Before creation, the Lord Brahma did penance on the Purusha, reciting His various names, for 100s of years (Shakra). As a result, Brahma acquired divine knowledge and understood everything in each of the 4 directions. Whomsoever understand the Purusha, the way Lord Brahma did, he will be fit for attaining moksha in this lifetime itself. No other path Moksha is possible. He can attain the grace of the Purusha only through Gyana and Bakthi. 

19

य॒ज्ञेन॑ य॒ज्ञम॑यजन्त दे॒वाः । तानि॒ धर्मा॑णि प्रथ॒मान्या॑सन्न् ।

ते ह॒ नाक॑-म्महि॒मानः॑ सचन्ते । यत्र॒ पूर्वे॑ सा॒ध्या-स्सन्ति॑ दे॒वाः ॥

Yagnyena - By Sacrifice (Mental sacrifice by Meditation) 

Yagna - to sacrifice 

Ayajanta - worshiped (Offers oneself to the Purusha)

devaH - did the Devas (Gods)

Taani - Those (sacrifices)

Dharmaanni - associated Dharmas (duties)

Prathamaani - the first or foremost

Aasan - became the

Te - they

Naakam - moksham

MahimaanaH -as Great brings, by the Glory of these dharmas

Sacante - will the Great ones achieve

Yatra - where ( in a liberated state or Moksha)

Poorve - previously

saadhyaH - the achievers or those who had done this sadhana to achieve Moksha

Santi - exist

DevaaH - Gods/ Devas

These Gods (devas) worshiped by offering themselves to the Purusha through Meditation (a mental sacrifice). Such an act of Meditation, out of which everything around us was created by the Maha Purusha, is the foremost among all the duties. Because of what they did, the devas (Gods) obtained the position of saadhyaH (Achievers). By fulfilling their duties Devas will eventually attain Moksha, full of happiness, where they will join those who had done similar saadhana in their previous kalpa. 

20

अ॒द्भ्य-स्सम्भू॑तः पृथि॒व्यै रसा᳚च्च । वि॒श्वक॑र्मण॒-स्सम॑वर्त॒ताधि॑ ।

तस्य॒ त्वष्टा॑ वि॒दध॑द्रू॒पमे॑ति । तत्पुरु॑षस्य॒ विश्व॒माजा॑न॒मग्रे᳚ ॥

AdbhyaH - From the waters and

SamboothaH - was the Universe born

Prithivyai - earth

Rasaat -  (from the) elemental essence of 

Cha - and

vishvakarmanaaH - As VishvakarmaH (The divine architect), did Purusha

Samavartata - appear

Adhi - more than the Universe

TasyaH - His 

Tvashttaa - the Divine Smith

Vidadhat - establishes

Roopam - Form (That includes all the worlds)

Eti - and manifests it everywhere

Tat - That 

Purusshashya - Purusha 

Vishvam - (His) Vishva Roopam

Ajanam - Formed

Agre - In the beginning

From the essence of the water and the essence of the earth, the Brahmaandam (the Universe) arose. From the Creator of the world (The Purusha), the Lord of all and the Pride of the Universe, the Virada Purusha appeared. The Lord of the Universe (Tvashttaa) pervades everywhere through the form of the Virada Purusha that He created. 

21

वेदा॒हमे॒त-म्पुरु॑ष-म्म॒हान्तम्᳚ । आ॒दि॒त्यव॑र्ण॒-न्तम॑सः॒ पर॑स्तात् ।

तमे॒वं-विँ॒द्वान॒मृत॑ इ॒ह भ॑वति । नान्यः पन्था॑ विद्य॒ते-ऽय॑नाय ॥

VedaH - Know Him 

Etam - That

Puruusham - The Purusha

Mahaantam - Glorious

Aditya - sun 

Varnam - brilliance 

Tamas - darkness

Astu - who transcends

Parastaat - all 

Tam - Him

Evam - in this manner

Vidvaan - who knows 

AmrtaH - Immortal

Iha - in this very birth

Bhavati - becomes

Na Vidhyate - I know not of 

anyaH - other

PanthaaH - paths

Ayanaaya - to Moksha 

I comprehend this glorious Purushan having the lustre of the Sun and who is beyond the darkness. One who understands this Purushan in this manner becomes fully liberated in this very life. For gaining Moksham, there is no other way than to comprehend the true form and nature of this Cosmic Purushan.

22

प्र॒जाप॑तिश्चरति॒ गर्भे॑ अ॒न्तः । अ॒जाय॑मानो बहु॒धा विजा॑यते ।

तस्य॒ धीराः॒ परि॑जानन्ति॒ योनिम्᳚ । मरी॑चीना-म्प॒दमि॑च्छन्ति वे॒धसः॑ ॥

PrajaapatisH - As Prajaapati, the Lord of his Subjects, He

Carati - lives

Garbhe - the womb

antaH - in 

AjaayamaanaH - the Unborn

Bhahudhaa - in many ways

Vijaayate - He appears

Tasya - His

dheeraaH - the Steadfast (wise ones)

Parijaananthi - know well 

Yonim - true form

Mareecheenaam - sages like Mareechi, who worship Him

Padam - positions of 

Iccanti - desire to the 

vedhasaH - the creators


The Prajaapati (Parama Purushan), the Lord of His Subjects, resides inside the Cosmic womb (in the middle of the Brahmanda, The Universe, in an embodied form). He manifests in many ways without being born. The wise ones investigate his true, inherent nature (svaroopam). The ones entrusted with duties of creation desire to attain the status of the Gnanis like Sage Mareechi, try to comprehend Purushan's true svaroopam. 

23

यो दे॒वेभ्य॒ आत॑पति । यो दे॒वाना᳚-म्पु॒रोहि॑तः ।

पूर्वो॒ यो दे॒वेभ्यो॑ जा॒तः । नमो॑ रु॒चाय॒ ब्राह्म॑ये ॥

YaH - who 

devebhyaH - in the Gods 

Atapati - shines as divinity in 

YaH - who is

Devaanaam - the Gods

PurohitaH - Brahaspati or Priest

PoorvaH - before

YaH - who was

devebhyaH - the Gods

JaataH - born

NamaH - We salute 

Rucaaya - who brilliant in Himself

Brahmaye - is the Para Brahmam, or the Supreme of All

Our Salutations to That One, who shines as the divinity in all the Devas (Gods) to bring out the divinity in them. Our Salutations to That One, who leads the way on the auspicious path, serving as the Priest for the Devas.

Our Salutations to That One, who is born before the Devas. 

Our salutations to that self-luminous Para Brahmam!

24

रुच॑-म्ब्रा॒ह्म-ञ्ज॒नय॑न्तः । दे॒वा अग्रे॒ तद॑ब्रुवन्न् ।

यस्त्वै॒व-म्ब्रा᳚ह्म॒णो वि॒द्यात् । तस्य॑ दे॒वा अस॒न् वशे᳚ ॥

Rucam - The Essence of knowledge 

Brahmam - (of) Brahman 

JanayantaH - Send forth the

DevaH - The Gods, who

Agre - in the beginning 

Tat - about that Brahman

Abruvan - said this 

Yastu - whoever 

Evam - thus

BrahmanaH - has an inclination towards Brahman

Vidyaat - knows Brahman 

Tasya - in His

DevaH - the Gods

Asan - will be 

Vashe - control

Devas talked about the Parabrahmam at the beginning to spread the Gyanam about Him and the taste (ruchi) of Parabrahmam in this way.

Whoever has the predisposition to know about this Supreme Brahmam (Para Brahmam) and comprehends Him as such - for them, the Devas will be ready to serve. 

25

ह्रीश्च॑ ते ल॒क्ष्मीश्च॒ पत्न्यौ᳚ । अ॒हो॒रा॒त्रे पा॒र्​श्वे ।

नक्ष॑त्राणि रू॒पम् । अ॒श्विनौ॒ व्यात्तम्᳚ ।

इ॒ष्ट-म्म॑निषाण । अ॒मु-म्म॑निषाण । सर्व॑-म्मनिषाण ॥

Hreesh - Hree 

Ca - and 

Te - to you

Lakshmish - Lakshmi are

Ca - and 

Patnyau - wives 

Aho - the day

Ratre - (and) night 

Paarshve - your sides

Nakshatraani - the stars

Roopam - your brilliant form 

Ashvinau - the healing Ashvins

Vyaattam - your mouth

Ishtam - (the knowledge) that we desire

Manishaana - Grant us 

Amum - happiness in the world

Manishaana - Grant us

Sarvam - all that is, now and forever (in this and the other world)

Manishaana - Grant us

Hree and Lakshmi are your Consorts. Your two sides are day and night. 

The stars are Your form. 

Ashvini Devas (Healers) are Your mouth. 


Parama Purusha! Please grant us the book of the knowledge we desire


Please grant us the happiness and delights of this Universe.


Please grant us all the bliss both in this and in the other world!

26

ओ-न्तच्छं॒-योँरावृ॑णीमहे । गा॒तुं-यँ॒ज्ञाय॑ । गा॒तुं-यँ॒ज्ञप॑तये । दैवी᳚ स्व॒स्तिर॑स्तु नः । स्व॒स्तिर्मानु॑षेभ्यः । ऊ॒र्ध्व-ञ्जि॑गातु भेष॒जम् । श-न्नो॑ अस्तु द्वि॒पदे᳚ । श-ञ्चतु॑ष्पदे ।

ॐ शान्ति॒-श्शान्ति॒-श्शान्तिः॑ ॥

Aum - Pranavam 

Tat - that which 

Chamyo - gives us peace from sorrows, in the present and future.

AavrNeemahe - we seek

Gaatum - growth

Yagnyaaya - For the yagnam (rite of sacrifice)

Gaatum - growth for 

Yagnyapataye - the yajamana (the patron of the yagnam).

Daivee - Gods 

Svasti - Grace (contextual)

Astu - be

NaH - unto us

Svasti - well being

MaanushebhyaH - to all the mankind

Oordhvam - upwards

Jigaatu - flourish and grow

Bheshajam - May plants (like medicinal plants)

Sham - Good

NaH - unto us 

Astu - come (contextual)

Dvipade - creatures that go on two feet 

Sham - (and) good 

Chatushpade - creatures that go on four feet.

ShantiH - Peace

We worship and pray to the Supreme God for the welfare of all beings. 

May all the sorrows, miseries leave us forever (present and future) and may He give us peace. We seek growth (His Grace and blessings) for the Yagna and for the Karta (Yajamana). May His divine grace be unto us and to the entire mankind. May all the medicinal herbs grow in potency (so that all diseases can be cured). May all the two legged creatures be happy. May all the four legged creatures also be happy. May there be peace in the hearts of all the beings.  



The Purusha Suktam encapsulates the Vedic vision of cosmic unity, portraying Purusha as the divine source of all creation. It highlights the interconnectedness of existence and the spiritual foundation underlying the universe, society, and individual being.


Acknowledgment:
Some insights and references in this article are inspired by and adapted from Amit Ray’s explanation of the Purusha Suktam. We thank the original author for the valuable interpretation and clarity.
 


SAIRAM


Purusha Suktam

  The Purusha Suktam is one of the most revered hymns from the Vedas, extolling the Supreme Being. This hymn offers a magnificent portrayal ...